“A fault tree for reactor runaway leading to fire or explosion: a runaway reaction and ignition must both occur. Runaway is loss of cooling (coolant pump failure or line blockage), overpressure (relief valve fails or excess reactant feed), or contamination (water leak or catalyst decay). Ignition is an electrical spark, hot surface or static discharge.”
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Modeled ignition source as AND gate with runaway to reflect that both must occur for top event.
Used OR gates to combine independent failure modes for each intermediate event.
Included common failure probabilities from literature (notional values) for basic events.
Suitable for process hazard analysis in chemical plants, oil refineries, and similar facilities where fire/explosion risk depends on multiple independent initiating events and a necessary ignition source.