상황
An Apple Watch biosensor requires electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to characterize electrode-tissue interface. A precision amplifier measures nanoamp currents while a frequency sweep generator probes multiple frequencies.
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01
Adopted three-electrode potentiostat topology
02
Modeled electrochemical cell as Randles circuit
03
Used a transimpedance amplifier with gain resistor for current-to-voltage conversion
Suitable for any low-current AC impedance measurement in wearable biosensors, corrosion monitoring, or battery health assessment.