상황
A laboratory team synthesizes Fe3O4 nanoparticles by co-precipitation and needs to surface-modify them with citrate for colloidal stability and biosensing applications.
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01
Adjust pH to 6.5 before citrate addition
02
Heat at 80°C under nitrogen for 2 h
03
Reoptimize citrate ratio or pH if characterization fails
04
Conjugate biomolecules only after quality acceptance
Use this flowchart when planning citrate-stabilized Fe3O4 nanoparticle synthesis and surface functionalization for biomedical or biosensing research.